Alnico

Alnico was developed in the early 1930s. During WW2 it was used in military electronic applications. After the war it quickly spread into civilian versions of those applications and replaced magnet steel in many applications. High induction levels, with good resistance to demagnetization and stability, due to its low temperature coefficient (0.02% / °C), at a reasonable cost made Alnico the material of choice.

A high working temperature limit (550 °C / 1020 °F) makes Alnico especially well suited for sensitive automotive and aircraft sensor applications. Other popular Alnico applications include: Instruments, security sensors, magnetos, electronic distributors, separators, electron tubes, traveling wave tubes, radar, holding magnets, coin acceptors, generators and motors, clutches and brakes, relays, controls, receivers, telephones, microphones, bell ringers, guitar pickups, loudspeakers, security systems, cow magnets.

Alnico is produced in many grades to fit the requirements of these applications, from Alnico 1 to Alnico 12, but the most popular grades are 2, 5 and 8. By comparison to newer materials, like ceramic, NdFeB and SmCo the coercivity of Alnico is low, so they have replaced Alnico where cost and/or greater resistance to demagnetization are valued more than a high temperature limit and temperature stability.

MAGNET SELECTION
Magnet selection for all applications must consider the entire magnetic circuit and the environment. Where Alnico is appropriate, magnet size can be minimized if it can be magnetizing after assembly into the magnetic circuit. If used independent of other circuit components, as in security applications, the effective length to diameter ratio (related to the permeance coefficient) must be great enough to cause the magnet to work above the knee in its second quadrant demagnetization curve. For critical applications, Alnico magnets may be calibrated to an established reference flux density value.

A by-product of low coercivity is sensitivity to demagnetizing effects due to external magnetic fields, shock, and application temperatures. For critical applications, Alnico magnets can be temperature stabilized to minimize these effects

ALNICO PRODUCTION
Alnico magnet material is made by alloying aluminum, nickel and cobalt with iron. Some grades also contain copper and/or titanium. The alloying process is casting or sintering. These constituents, the process and the heat treatment needed to optimize magnetic properties produces hard (Rc45) and brittle parts that are best shaped or finished by abrasive grinding. Cast parts are generally under 70 pounds and may be used as-is, but polar surfaces are usually ground flat and parallel. Sintering is confined to high volume parts in sizes under one cubic inch and an effective press length to diameter ratio under four.

MAGNETIZING
To minimize the volume of magnet material required by an application, the entire magnetic circuit must be considered. An optimized circuit design results in a circuit permeance coefficient that causes the magnet to operate above the knee of its demagnetization curve by a margin large enough to offset anticipated operating demagnetizing effects. Optimized steel components result in an effective magnetic length greater than the magnet itself, but this is only effective if the magnet can be magnetized after assembly into the circuit. The alternate is to design the magnet shape to produce a load line, on its own, that intersects the BH curve above its knee, so minimal flux is lost due to the self demagnetizing factor upon removal from the magnetizing fixture. In either case, a magnetizing force of 3.0 kOe must be applied to Alnico 5 magnets and 7.0 kOe for Alnico 8. When magnetized in a magnetic circuit, the magnetizing pulse must be wide enough to allow eddy currents in the steel to decay before dropping below these values.